Abstract: Scientific inquiry does not leave untouched any thing that is puzzling in behaviour and the mechanics of granular materials is one such subject. Here is a small part, which contributes to the research on such subject. Granular materials play an important role in process industries, most of the natural disasters like sand dunes, snow avalanches, beach erosion etc also involve granular flows. So there is a need to study the frictional properties of granular materials.

According to classical theory of physics the angle of friction of a solid remains constant irrespective of its weight. Here is a small experimental work, which modifies the classical theory for granular materials. Our results have proved that classical theory does not hold good for granular materials and the angle of friction for granular materials decreases with increase in weight. The experiment has been carried out by varying the thickness of granular material and for different materials namely mustard seeds and glass beads procured from Thane. The degree of compaction and the surface roughness are found to play an important role in this phenomenon. A brief literature survey has also been made. The work is carried out under the guidance of Prof. Prabhu R. Nott at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The results have been sent to IISc for a recheck. The proofs regarding the work will be produced during my presentation.

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Abstract: Air pollution is increasing day by day due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization. Sulfur Dioxide is one of most noxious air pollutant, which is harmful to the habitat and Ecosystem. Different control technologies are being applied for source reduction and end of the pipe treatment of SO2. These technologies cannot reduce the concentration of SO2 to zero level and accordingly, stacks are being used for discharging the flue gas. Besides this, there is no control on the emissions form automobile exhaust. The life of SO2 in atmosphere is small because, immediately after the emission it would be converted to sulfurous acid and results in acid rain due to photochemical and other reactions. Therefore, treatment of waste gases containing SO2 to zero level is highly important for ecological balance. Studies are conducted in an anaerobic batch, semi-continuous and continuous Bioreactor for the treatment of SO2 containing air in order to understand the various parameters. Sulfur dioxide was generated using copper turnings and sulfuric acid. Media composition is optimized for growing SRB’s and absorbing Sulfur dioxide. Mixed cultures of SRB’s are isolated & acclimatized. The study shows that sulfite can be degraded to sulfide to the tune 80-90% at inlet concentration of approximately 350 mg/L with Hydraulic residence time of 6 days. The batch and semi-continuous reactors are operated repeatedly for number of cycles in order to understand the reproducibility and stability of the microbes in the reactor. The studies also show that dynamic equilibrium is establishing for Sulfide in aqueous phase and H2S in gas phase. Culture showed excellent microbial activity & specific productivity during the course of study for all the experiments. The studies revealed that by the application of appropriate Bioreactor, SO2 from the waste gas could be removed to zero level.

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Abstract: Oils are one the most essential ingredients of our daily food. Chemically oils are esters of fatty acids &glycerol. Esters of glycerol are commonly termed as Glycerides. The fatty acids present in oils may be saturated (or) unsaturated.

Basically, oils are extracted from the oil seeds either by mechanical expelling (or) by solvent extraction. The oils, as extracted from the seeds contain many impurities like Free Fatty Acids, Water, Partial Glycerides, Phosphotides, colouring materials (pigments) like β-carotene & Chlorophyll, Free Sugars, Glycolipids, Sterols, Waxes, toxicants like Gossypol & Afflatoxin, residues of pesticides &insecticides like Parathion & Malathion etc. All these impurities must be removed from the oil as they induce undesired properties in the oil & hamper further processes like hydrogenation.

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Abstract: The release of heavy metals in to the environment by industrial activities is a serious concern because these heavy metals are extremely toxic and non biodegradable. These will accumulate in living organisms causing various diseases. The potential of metal concentration by certain types of dead biomass has been well established over the last decade. This phenomenon can probably make the most significant impact in using it for removing toxic heavy metals from industrial effluents. An interdisciplinary approach seems essential for bringing the phenomenon to a successful process application stage. In this present article the prediction of process performance and feasibility are discussed.

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Abstract: With the help of biotechnology, the race is on to discover the magic bug that will revolutionize the mining industry. The aim of this abstract is to present an eco- friendly technique of extracting the metals, keeping in view the environmental and economical factors. The issue under lime light-BIOLEACHING is the outstanding solution for mining technology. Environmental standards continue to stiffen, particularly regarding toxic wastes, so costs for ensuring environmental protection will continue to rise. The products of biological processes are more amenable to containment and treatment than gaseous waste.

The most important player in the bioleaching process is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. It is a chemoautotrophic acidophile, whose unique ability to oxidise metals, leading to leaching. A consortium of microorganisms namely Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and thermophilic bacteria are involved in bioleaching. In any event, biomining is now at the top of mining technology, and future development of the technology appears promising.

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Abstract: In our day to day activates we come across many types of oils used for cooking, manufacture of paints, soaps etc. These even play a vital role in the production of emulsions. Where as the required properties of oil for particular usage may differ.

In general there are two types of processes involved in oil extraction. They are mechanical & solvent extractions.

In mechanical extraction we get good quality but of less quantity. Where as in solvent extraction we get good quantity but of less quality.

Good quality oils can be used for edible purpose as these have low free fatty acid (FFA) content. Where as less quality oils cannot be used for edible purpose as these have high FFA.

But many industries are using this solvent extraction process. Which mode us to relay on other countries for good quality of edible oils. If we carry out both these processes simultaneously we can get the oil of high quality & quantity in an economical manner.

The present paper deals with the process to be employed the sequence of steps& testing of oils which are produced by the above mentioned method.

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Abstract: The publics demand for co lour-free waste discharge to receiving waters has made decolorization of industrial wastes a top priority. Due to complex chemical structures of coloring compounds of natural and syntactical origins the decolorization of these wastes is a challenging task.

Biological treatment may remove color to some extent by biodegradation of dye molecules depending upon their amenability, tertiary treatment systems based on chemical or physico-chemical treatments may be necessary to get rid of the color completely satisfy the norm for discharge. Treatment with activated charcoal is followed by some industries to remove color and other impurities in the treated waste water. The use of ozone for color removal is well documented. The process essentially depends on the generation of highly reactive radicals that react with dye molecules. While O3 itself is a strong oxidizing agent , it has potential to initiate various mediated reactions. Three azo dyes (Orange GC, Blue S5RE, Red RS) of 0.25%, 0.125%,0.05% concentration were used for this study using water as medium.. The solutions of each concentration were also prepared at acidic and basic conditions by adjusting the pH with formic acid and soda ash respectively. The waste water after dyeing the leather with the above azo dyes was taken for decolorization studies.

Decolorization of these solutions with time was studied in presence of ozone. It was observed that Orange GC and Blue S5RE dyes got decolorized and Red RS did not decolorize to greater extent. Ozonation appears to be a potential decolorizing agent for dyes used in tanning industry.

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Abstract: Till recently, the processing cost of a textile industry did not address the cost of wastewater treatment and disposal costs. Driven by recent legislative attempts and overseas competition to establish effluent standards for color in textile effluents, the Indian textile industry is currently facing significant challenges in this accord. Previously the industries have been focusing only on improving and increasing the processing capacities of the plant through advanced machineries. Today, the situation is different. The declining quality of ground water and stringent legislation on waste disposal, increased awareness among the public on the impacts of indiscriminate disposal of liquid and solid wastes and the environment, has been forcing the industries to look for alternate, but, effective technologies which would result in less water consumption and less waste water generation. In this context ozone application in textile industry has gained much attention through out last decade attributing to its high potential in color removal at low specific dosage and at low specific optimum cost. This paper highlights the need for ozone technology to convert the challenges into opportunities, so as to enable the processing units to become profitable and competitive, without deteriorating the quality of our environment.

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Abstract: Ethanol fermented from renewable sources for fuel or fuel additives are known as bio-ethanol. Additionally, the ethanol from biomass-based waste materials is considered as bio-ethanol. Currently, there is a growing interest for ecologically sustainable bio-fuels. In Finland bio-ethanol is already used as additive in some gasoline products instead of toxic MTBE and TAME. Bio-ethanol production from potatoes is based on the utilization of waste potatoes. Waste potatoes are produced from 5-20 % of crops as by-products in potato cultivation. At present, waste potatoes are used as feedstock only in one plant in Finland. Oy Shaman Spirits Ltd in Tyrnävä (near Oulu) uses 1.5 million kilograms of waste potatoes per year. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop different analytical methods for bio-ethanol production from waste potatoes and to study the effect of potato cultivar on bio-ethanol production.

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Abstract: Discharge of colored waste into the water cause a negative impact on physical, chemical and biological properties of environment. Besides carcogenic effects of certain pigments or dyes or strong colors on human beings also have been reported. Thus elimination of these commercial colorants from waste water is a major environmental concern.

PHOTOCATALYTIC DECOLORATION is one of the advanced oxidation process for the destruction of polluting materials. This paper describes an undergraduate laboratory experiment on the kinetics of heterogeneous photocatalytic decolorization of methylene blue in aqueous solution. Among the advanced oxidation processes, heterogeneous photocatalysis appears as an emerging destructive technology leading to the total mineralization of most of the organic pollutants. The experimental apparatus is simple and safe and aids the o learning of Advanced Oxidation Processes, utilizing concepts of kinetics and heterogeneous catalysis.

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Abstract: Controlled release fertilizer of zinc sulfate micro nutrient is prepared with flyash and sand inert matrix. Particle size, fractional content of inerts and binder influenced the release rates. The release rates were found to follow zero order kinetics with respect to fractional fertilizer content in pellet. The rate constant increased with the increase in particle size, flyash fraction and decreased with binder fraction of pellet for flyash system. The rate constant increased with increase in fractional sand content while that decreased with particle size and fractional binder for sand system with in the variables covered in the present study. Correlations for rate constants with parameters covered in the study is presented here under
Zinc sulfate – Flyash – Cement system
kZFC = 5.89 fb-0.09 fi5.94 (dp/d) 0.19
Zinc sulfate – Sand – Cement system
kzsc = 0.89 fb-0.13 fi2.53 (dp/d)-0.1

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Abstract: The need for efficient plastic waste disposal introduced new technologies for plastic waste treatment. Among the various technologies available, pyrolysis appears to be a technique that is able to reduce a bulky high polluting waste while producing energy and/or valuable chemical compounds.

In this paper, pyrolysis of plastic wastes with and without the use of catalysts and example of one commercial technology in use today is discussed in detail. The yields of oil and plastic monomers from each technology are compared.

At the end, the future prospects for this technology are presented and India’s progress in developing innovative technologies for plastic recycling is briefly mentioned.

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Abstract: For more than half a century, thermonuclear fusion held out the promise of cheap, clean and virtual limitless energy. In an experimental research, which is not yet concluded, it is found that deuterium, a material which is abundant in ocean water, when made to tiny bubbles, which can be imploded by using sound waves, can make hydrogen nuclei fuse. This phenomenon can be called as sonofusion. This is very much useful to produce bubble power. 1 km3 of sea water could, in principle, supply the entire world’s electrical energy need for several hundred years. At one day, it becomes a revolutionary new energy source.

Courtesy: N.Santhanam, Adi Parasakthi Engineering College (APEC), Melmaruvathur, Tamilnadu

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Abstract: It is available in the file which you can download from the link below.

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Abstract: It is available in the file which you can download from the link below.

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Abstract: It is available in the file which you can download from the link below.

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Abstract: It is available in the file which you can download from the link below.

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Abstract: Due to competitive pressures to cut costs and reduce emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gasses, owners and operators of industrial and commercial facilities are actively looking for ways to use energy more efficiently. One option is cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP). Cogeneration/CHP is the simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat from the same fuel or energy. Facilities with cogeneration systems use them to produce their own electricity, and use the unused excess (waste) heat for process steam, hot water heating, space heating, and other thermal needs. They may also use excess process heat to produce steam for electricity production. Cogeneration currently coexists with a regulated industry that is going through major structural changes that may limit or expand its application.

Its use is gradually increasing all over the world, although optimistic forecasts of rapid implementation and growth in the last couple of years have yet to be realized. This paper discusses the current cogeneration techniques and their benefits along with a review of the past techniques and their Energy and environmental issues.

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Abstract: Chemical energy is the inherent energy available in huge amounts for our utilization where most wanted form of energy is electrical energy. The way that we can meet the requirements of electrical energy is given by fuel cells through chemical energy by providing a fuel and an oxidant we can produce electrical energy that is used in different spheres of requirements over the world. Through fuel cells chemical energy of reactants is converted into low voltage DC electricity.

In this paper the components of fuel cells, chemical reaction steps adopted in conversion, types of fuel cells, fuel cells and their impact on environment, safety and reliability, current position and disadvantages are raised and giving rise to the beneficial adoption of fuel cell mechanism

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Abstract: Concerns about the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the pollution caused by continuously increasing energy demands make hydrogen an attractive alternative energy source. Hydrogen is currently derived from nonrenewable natural gas and petroleum, but could in principle be generated from renewable resources such as biomass-derived oxygenated compounds such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, sugars and sugar alcohols or water. Chemical and biological engineers report the discovery of a nickel-tin-aluminium (Raney-NiSn) catalyst that can replace the precious metal platinum in a new, environmentally sustainable, greenhouse-gas-neutral, low-temperature, economically viable process yielding fewer contaminants for making hydrogen fuel. Using this catalyst in a single reactor aqueous phase reforming (APR) process, it is possible to generate hydrogen at temperatures near 500 K from biomass instead of 1175 K required with usual processes. This method takes advantage of the unique thermodynamic properties of these oxygenated compounds that allow complete reaction of these compounds with water to H2 and CO2. At these conditions, APR process generates hydrogen without the need to volatilize water, which represents a major energy saving compared to conventional, vapor-phase, steam-reforming processes utilizing non-renewable hydrocarbons. The APR process can be used not only on the small scale to produce fuel for portable devices, but it could also be scaled up as a hydrogen source for industrial applications.

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