Abstract:During the past few years much technologic advancement in surgeries has emerged. Less invasive approaches to cardiac operations have become viable. The true revolutionary advance occurred with the development of computer assisted robotic surgical systems which combine three dimensional optics that immerse the surgeon in the operative field together with sleek, small-caliber, multi-jointed surgical instruments that precisely replicate the surgeon’s wrist and hand movements It is available in the file which you can download from the link below.

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